How does a galvanic cell generate electrical energy?

A galvanic cell generates electrical energy through spontaneous chemical reactions that occur within it. In a galvanic cell, two different electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte solution, and a redox reaction takes place. Specifically, oxidation occurs at the anode, where electrons are released, and reduction occurs at the cathode, where those electrons are gained.

The movement of electrons from the anode to the cathode creates a flow of electric current. This flow is harnessed as electrical energy, which can be used to power devices. The term "spontaneous" is crucial here; it emphasizes that these reactions occur naturally without the need for external energy input, such as heat or light. This is why galvanic cells are often referred to as batteries, as they can convert the energy released from these chemical reactions directly into electrical energy.